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The paper analyses the trends in area, production and yield of potato during 1950-51 to 2006-07 in India. The growth in value of output from potato and its comparison with fruits and vegetables and total value of output from agric...
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The paper analyses the trends in area, production and yield of potato during 1950-51 to 2006-07 in India. The growth in value of output from potato and its comparison with fruits and vegetables and total value of output from agriculture was estimated during 1999-2000 to 2005-06 in major potato growing states in India. Apart from this the export of fresh or chilled potatoes in reliable markets and structural changes in composition of various products of potato were also predicted till the end of XIth Five Year Plan by using Markov Chain approach. The study observed that the annual compound growth in area, production and yield was lowest in post-WTO period (1997-2006) in comparison to any sub-period or entire period of the study. The analysis of the export composition of potato products reveals that the share of potatoes, fresh or chilled, and potatoes other than seed potatoes, fresh/chilled, declined while share of flakes, granules and pellets of potatoes had increased substantially during 2003-07. Nepal, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore and United Arab Emirates are projected as reliable markets for potato products till the end of XIth Five Year Plan. The study suggests that to strengthen potato production ensure positive growth in yield and to sustain in world markets in exports of potato products there is a need to focus on reliable markets and demand driven products, bring about changes in research priorities and strengthen the linkages among researchers, extension personnel and policy planners.
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Abstract This paper provides a framework for understanding optimal lockdowns and makes three contributions. First, it theoretically analyzes lockdown policies and argues that policy makers systematically enact too strict lockdowns...
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Abstract This paper provides a framework for understanding optimal lockdowns and makes three contributions. First, it theoretically analyzes lockdown policies and argues that policy makers systematically enact too strict lockdowns because their incentives are misaligned with achieving desired ends and they cannot adapt to changing circumstances. Second, it provides a benchmark to determine how strongly policy makers in different locations should respond to COVID-19. Finally, it provides a framework for understanding how, when, and why lockdown policy is expected to change.
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This article proposes a systems description of policy and the
process of generating and implementing it, with the goal of aiding
policy planners, implementers, and contributors in enhancing policy
effectiveness. The idealized poli...
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This article proposes a systems description of policy and the
process of generating and implementing it, with the goal of aiding
policy planners, implementers, and contributors in enhancing policy
effectiveness. The idealized policy process described provides a
framework for a comprehensive approach to real policy administration.
Understanding the idealized policy process offers the three groups of
policy contributors, those who create it, those who carry it out, and
those who support it, the opportunity to use their knowledge more
effectively to the benefit of policy development. This will increase not
only the quality of policies but also the enjoyment and rewards of those
contributing to them
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The paper analyzes the strategic behavior of several countries engaged in capital accumulation, pollution mitigation, and environmental adaptation in the context of an environmental common good. Both cooperative and non-cooperativ...
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The paper analyzes the strategic behavior of several countries engaged in capital accumulation, pollution mitigation, and environmental adaptation in the context of an environmental common good. Both cooperative and non-cooperative strategies are discussed. The non-cooperative strategy is a dynamic game in which each country makes its own environmental decision following the open-loop Nash equilibrium. The cooperative social planner problem assumes an international environmental agreement in force. The non-cooperative and cooperative solutions are compared in the symmetric case of two countries and extended to several identical countries. It is shown that the non-cooperative strategy in multi-country world leads to over-production, over-consumption, over-pollution, and over-adaptation. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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To measure local sustainability, the ecological and carbon footprints are approximated in global hectares based on consumption and income in a geographic information system (GIS). Income correlates strongly with consumption when b...
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To measure local sustainability, the ecological and carbon footprints are approximated in global hectares based on consumption and income in a geographic information system (GIS). Income correlates strongly with consumption when both are surveyed by Canadian national statistics at a large urban area scale. The ecological footprint (EF) and its components have also been measured across national income deciles. An extrapolation proposed here of these gross measures allows the EF to be estimated at a city, town and village scale. The housing, mobility and energy or carbon footprint components of the EF inform local sustainability interests. Maps and visual images from GIS expressing footprint measurements and comparisons enable local policy planners and community representatives to communicate and bring the "think global act local" connection of the global hectare to their endeavours to educate, raise awareness and possibly support policy decision-making. Income and consumption may themselves become targets of reduction to improve sustainability.
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The ecological footprint (EF) and its unit, the global hectare, share a reputation of effectively communicating the connection between local awareness and global impact. One use of a Geographic Information System (CIS) in urban pl...
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The ecological footprint (EF) and its unit, the global hectare, share a reputation of effectively communicating the connection between local awareness and global impact. One use of a Geographic Information System (CIS) in urban planning is decision support, while the potential of the ecological footprint in CIS has not developed significantly. The smaller the spatial unit in CIS, the more accurate and flexible are the available CIS analyses. As urban planners are interested in showing sustainability at a local level and need accurate local data, the EF Housing component, of specific interest to planners is estimated here through a bottom up or component method to meet this need for a local measure. Average household energy use is purchased from local utilities companies in units of energy while the City Assessment department supplies dwelling size data for each household. Postal code areas approximating block faces are created for the City of Calgary in GIS and energy and household size is converted to GIS format allowing GIS analysis and map creation. A sample analysis is carried out that involves comparison between the sustainability of inner city single family Infill housing and older existing single family housing. This case study method involves a direct measure of housing energy and materials consumption, yet one that may be expressed in global hectares. Analytical output shows a net increase in the use of global hectares by Infill houses where improved building insulation standards and heating technology effecting gas consumption over time are more than offset by increased house size. Ecological footprint components, such as the Housing and perhaps Mobility, of specific interest to urban policy planners can be presented in CIS maps and tables to stimulate urban planner policy debate and potential decision-making support. GIS sourced household data while retaining units in EF global hectares makes sustainability analysis possible at a household scale. The GIS analysis here, which spatially and numerically shows the difference in sustainability between Infill housing and older existing housing, may allow planners to formulate effective policy. As well as the benefits of the land use measure and global data at a local level, the EF is effective in raising awareness, education and policy debate. Local ecological footprint measurements appear to be in a position to support urban planner policy decisions.
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We analyze optimal monetary policy in a small open economy characterized by home bias in consumption. Peculiar to our framework is the application of a Ramsey-type analysis to a model of the recent open-economy New Keynesian liter...
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We analyze optimal monetary policy in a small open economy characterized by home bias in consumption. Peculiar to our framework is the application of a Ramsey-type analysis to a model of the recent open-economy New Keynesian literature. We show that home bias in consumption is a sufficient condition for inducing the monetary policymaker of an open economy to deviate from a strategy of strict markup stabilization and contemplate some (optimal) degree of exchange rate stabilization. We focus on the optimal setting of policy both in the case of firms setting prices one period in advance and in a gradual fashion subject to adjustment costs. While the first setup allows us to analytically highlight home bias as an independent source of equilibrium markup variability, the second setup allows to study the effects of future expectations on the optimal policy problem and the effect of home bias on optimal inflation volatility. The latter, in particular, is shown to be related to the degree of trade openness in a U-shaped fashion, whereas exchange rate volatility is monotonically decreasing in openness.
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Governing climate mitigation is complex, as the recurring gap between policy intentions and actions exhibits. Interventions at the urban scale represent an opportunity to implement energy policy targets. Urban development projects...
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Governing climate mitigation is complex, as the recurring gap between policy intentions and actions exhibits. Interventions at the urban scale represent an opportunity to implement energy policy targets. Urban development projects can function as carrier to implement innovative energy solutions as 'by-product'. To do so, planners must proactively and strategically deploy planning instruments to influence market behaviour, since project realization relies heavily on public-private interaction. This paper explores how local planning authorities use a variety of planning instruments in urban development projects that assist in implementing both planning and energy policy targets. To understand how planning instruments can be deployed deliberately to implement energy policy targets and why a specific instrument mix was chosen, this paper presents a cross-comparison of three urban development projects from Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands, which all successfully implemented innovative energy solutions. Results show that contextual differences in the processes entail the use of specific instruments to implement energy policy targets. However, the deployed instrument types, enabling factors and involved governmental levels in the technology-open processes showed a similar pattern across all three cases.
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In many countries throughout the EU recent planning reforms have reduced the possibilities for comprehensive and long-term planning. This paper explores the factors that explain why one of these countries, Poland, lost many of its...
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In many countries throughout the EU recent planning reforms have reduced the possibilities for comprehensive and long-term planning. This paper explores the factors that explain why one of these countries, Poland, lost many of its tools for coordinating the policies and practices affecting spatial organization at the local level. The study, based on the discourses of spatial planners, traces the institutionalisation of local spatial planning in Poland since the 1920s identifying dominant policy paradigms and internal and external determinants leading to the reform in the early 1990s. It shows that the planning reform was driven by attempts to adapt planning institutions to changing political and legal environments after 1989. The new institutional framework that emerged from the reform failed to introduce alternative and effective forms of local spatial planning. Once options for planning were reduced, it became difficult to revive them. The case of Poland shows that a revision of long-term planning institutions might have unexpected outcomes and that it might be difficult to restore particular instruments and planning approaches once they have been removed from the toolbox of the planning system.
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The role of 'models' has been well accepted in the analyses of problems dealing with transportation 'operations' and 'planning' decisions. The paper argues that even policy issues could use a model-based focused thinking in their ...
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The role of 'models' has been well accepted in the analyses of problems dealing with transportation 'operations' and 'planning' decisions. The paper argues that even policy issues could use a model-based focused thinking in their analyses, even though in policy issues (1) more entities an affected and have to be considered, (2) decision variables and constraints are not clearly defined, and (3) multiple objectives need to be satisfied. The paper introduces a recursive systems engineering process for policy analyses, with a significant role for models. Two case studies on policies to reduce traffic congestion are discussed. The first study relates to preferential treatment for high-occupancy vehicles for using the transportation facilities. The second study relates to altering travel demand by congestion pricing policies. Several types of models are utilized in these studies. The models provide insights, which otherwise might be difficult, on issues and sensitivities of potential decisions and assumed parameters. [References: 19]
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